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wireless post

  • 1 wireless post

    Engineering: WP

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > wireless post

  • 2 пункт радиосвязи

    Русско-английский словарь по солнечной энергии > пункт радиосвязи

  • 3 пункт радиосвязи

    Русско-английский словарь по информационным технологиям > пункт радиосвязи

  • 4 пункт радиосвязи

    1) Naval: wireless office
    2) Military: radio facility
    3) Telecommunications: wireless post

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > пункт радиосвязи

  • 5 радиоточка

    1) General subject: wired-radio outlet
    3) Engineering: wireless post

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > радиоточка

  • 6 Preece, Sir William Henry

    [br]
    b. 15 February 1834 Bryn Helen, Gwynedd, Wales
    d. 6 November 1913 Penrhos, Gwynedd, Wales
    [br]
    Welsh electrical engineer who greatly furthered the development and use of wireless telegraphy and the telephone in Britain, dominating British Post Office engineering during the last two decades of the nineteenth century.
    [br]
    After education at King's College, London, in 1852 Preece entered the office of Edwin Clark with the intention of becoming a civil engineer, but graduate studies at the Royal Institution under Faraday fired his enthusiasm for things electrical. His earliest work, as connected with telegraphy and in particular its application for securing the safe working of railways; in 1853 he obtained an appointment with the Electric and National Telegraph Company. In 1856 he became Superintendent of that company's southern district, but four years later he moved to telegraph work with the London and South West Railway. From 1858 to 1862 he was also Engineer to the Channel Islands Telegraph Company. When the various telegraph companies in Britain were transferred to the State in 1870, Preece became a Divisional Engineer in the General Post Office (GPO). Promotion followed in 1877, when he was appointed Chief Electrician to the Post Office. One of the first specimens of Bell's telephone was brought to England by Preece and exhibited at the British Association meeting in 1877. From 1892 to 1899 he served as Engineer-in-Chief to the Post Office. During this time he made a number of important contributions to telegraphy, including the use of water as part of telegraph circuits across the Solent (1882) and the Bristol Channel (1888). He also discovered the existence of inductive effects between parallel wires, and with Fleming showed that a current (thermionic) flowed between the hot filament and a cold conductor in an incandescent lamp.
    Preece was distinguished by his administrative ability, some scientific insight, considerable engineering intuition and immense energy. He held erroneous views about telephone transmission and, not accepting the work of Oliver Heaviside, made many errors when planning trunk circuits. Prior to the successful use of Hertzian waves for wireless communication Preece carried out experiments, often on a large scale, in attempts at wireless communication by inductive methods. These became of historic interest only when the work of Maxwell and Hertz was developed by Guglielmo Marconi. It is to Preece that credit should be given for encouraging Marconi in 1896 and collaborating with him in his early experimental work on radio telegraphy.
    While still employed by the Post Office, Preece contributed to the development of numerous early public electricity schemes, acting as Consultant and often supervising their construction. At Worcester he was responsible for Britain's largest nineteenth-century public hydro-electric station. He received a knighthood on his retirement in 1899, after which he continued his consulting practice in association with his two sons and Major Philip Cardew. Preece contributed some 136 papers and printed lectures to scientific journals, ninety-nine during the period 1877 to 1894.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    CB 1894. Knighted (KCB) 1899. FRS 1881. President, Society of Telegraph Engineers, 1880. President, Institution of Electrical Engineers 1880, 1893. President, Institution of Civil Engineers 1898–9. Chairman, Royal Society of Arts 1901–2.
    Bibliography
    Preece produced numerous papers on telegraphy and telephony that were presented as Royal Institution Lectures (see Royal Institution Library of Science, 1974) or as British Association reports.
    1862–3, "Railway telegraphs and the application of electricity to the signaling and working of trains", Proceedings of the ICE 22:167–93.
    Eleven editions of Telegraphy (with J.Sivewright), London, 1870, were published by 1895.
    1883, "Molecular radiation in incandescent lamps", Proceedings of the Physical Society 5: 283.
    1885. "Molecular shadows in incandescent lamps". Proceedings of the Physical Society 7: 178.
    1886. "Electric induction between wires and wires", British Association Report. 1889, with J.Maier, The Telephone.
    1894, "Electric signalling without wires", RSA Journal.
    Further Reading
    J.J.Fahie, 1899, History of Wireless Telegraphy 1838–1899, Edinburgh: Blackwood. E.Hawkes, 1927, Pioneers of Wireless, London: Methuen.
    E.C.Baker, 1976, Sir William Preece, F.R.S. Victorian Engineer Extraordinary, London (a detailed biography with an appended list of his patents, principal lectures and publications).
    D.G.Tucker, 1981–2, "Sir William Preece (1834–1913)", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 53:119–36 (a critical review with a summary of his consultancies).
    GW / KF

    Biographical history of technology > Preece, Sir William Henry

  • 7 Marconi, Marchese Guglielmo

    [br]
    b. 25 April 1874 Bologna, Italy
    d. 20 July 1937 Rome, Italy
    [br]
    Italian radio pioneer whose inventiveness and business skills made radio communication a practical proposition.
    [br]
    Marconi was educated in physics at Leghorn and at Bologna University. An avid experimenter, he worked in his parents' attic and, almost certainly aware of the recent work of Hertz and others, soon improved the performance of coherers and spark-gap transmitters. He also discovered for himself the use of earthing and of elevated metal plates as aerials. In 1895 he succeeded in transmitting telegraphy over a distance of 2 km (1¼ miles), but the Italian Telegraph authority rejected his invention, so in 1896 he moved to England, where he filed the first of many patents. There he gained the support of the Chief Engineer of the Post Office, and by the following year he had achieved communication across the Bristol Channel.
    The British Post Office was also slow to take up his work, so in 1897 he formed the Wireless Telegraph \& Signal Company to work independently. In 1898 he sold some equipment to the British Army for use in the Boer War and established the first permanent radio link from the Isle of Wight to the mainland. In 1899 he achieved communication across the English Channel (a distance of more than 31 miles or 50 km), the construction of a wireless station at Spezia, Italy, and the equipping of two US ships to report progress in the America's Cup yacht race, a venture that led to the formation of the American Marconi Company. In 1900 he won a contract from the British Admiralty to sell equipment and to train operators. Realizing that his business would be much more successful if he could offer his customers a complete radio-communication service (known today as a "turnkey" deal), he floated a new company, the Marconi International Marine Communications Company, while the old company became the Marconi Wireless Telegraph Company.
    His greatest achievement occurred on 12 December 1901, when Morse telegraph signals from a transmitter at Poldhu in Cornwall were received at St John's, Newfoundland, a distance of some 2,100 miles (3,400 km), with the use of an aerial flown by a kite. As a result of this, Marconi's business prospered and he became internationally famous, receiving many honours for his endeavours, including the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1909. In 1904, radio was first used to provide a daily bulletin at sea, and in 1907 a transatlantic wireless telegraphy service was inaugurated. The rescue of 1,650 passengers from the shipwreck of SS Republic in 1909 was the first of many occasions when wireless was instrumental in saving lives at sea, most notable being those from the Titanic on its maiden voyage in April 1912; more lives would have been saved had there been sufficient lifeboats. Marconi was one of those who subsequently pressed for greater safety at sea. In 1910 he demonstrated the reception of long (8 km or 5 miles) waves from Ireland in Buenos Aires, but after the First World War he began to develop the use of short waves, which were more effectively reflected by the ionosphere. By 1918 the first link between England and Australia had been established, and in 1924 he was awarded a Post Office contract for short-wave communication between England and the various parts of the British Empire.
    With his achievements by then recognized by the Italian Government, in 1915 he was appointed Radio-Communications Adviser to the Italian armed forces, and in 1919 he was an Italian delegate to the Paris Peace Conference. From 1921 he lived on his yacht, the Elettra, and although he joined the Fascist Party in 1923, he later had reservations about Mussolini.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Nobel Prize for Physics (jointly with K.F. Braun) 1909. Russian Order of S t Anne. Commander of St Maurice and St Lazarus. Grand Cross of the Order of the Crown (i.e. Knight) of Italy 1902. Freedom of Rome 1903. Honorary DSc Oxford. Honorary LLD Glasgow. Chevalier of the Civil Order of Savoy 1905. Royal Society of Arts Albert Medal. Honorary knighthood (GCVO) 1914. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Medal of Honour 1920. Chairman, Royal Society of Arts 1924. Created Marquis (Marchese) 1929. Nominated to the Italian Senate 1929. President, Italian Academy 1930. Rector, University of St Andrews, Scotland, 1934.
    Bibliography
    1896, "Improvements in transmitting electrical impulses and in apparatus thereof", British patent no. 12,039.
    1 June 1898, British patent no. 12,326 (transformer or "jigger" resonant circuit).
    1901, British patent no. 7,777 (selective tuning).
    1904, British patent no. 763,772 ("four circuit" tuning arrangement).
    Further Reading
    D.Marconi, 1962, My Father, Marconi.
    W.J.Baker, 1970, A History of the Marconi Company, London: Methuen.
    KF

    Biographical history of technology > Marconi, Marchese Guglielmo

  • 8 filo

    "wire;
    Draht;
    arame"
    * * *
    m (pl also le -a) thread
    metallico wire
    di lama edge
    d'erba blade
    fig un filo di vergogna/rispetto an ounce of shame/respect
    filo interdentale (dental) floss
    filo spinato barbed wire
    filo di voce whisper
    dare del filo da torcere a qualcuno make things difficult for s.o.
    * * *
    1 thread; (tess.) yarn; ( ritorto) twine: filo di cotone, di nylon, di seta, cotton, nylon, silk thread; filo per cucire, sewing thread; filo di trama, di ordito, weft, warp yarn; lana a due fili, two-ply wool // la poverina era ridotta a un filo, the poor thing was worn to a shadow // il filo di Arianna, Ariadne's thread // tagliare il filo del traguardo, to breast the (winning) tape; (estens.) to reach the winning post; essere battuti sul filo del traguardo, to be beaten at the post (anche fig.)
    2 ( di collana) string: un filo di perle, a string of pearls
    3 filo ( d'erba), blade (of grass)
    4 ( del bucato) washing line
    5 (fig.) ( piccola quantità): un filo d'acqua, a trickle of water; un filo d'aria, a breath of air; un filo di luce, a thread of light; un filo di fumo, a wisp of smoke; c'è ancora un filo di speranza, there is still a faint hope; parlare con un filo di voce, to speak in a very weak (o thin) voice; non aveva un filo di interesse per quel lavoro, he didn't have the slightest interest in that job
    6 (fig.) ( andamento) thread: seguire il filo dei ricordi, to follow the thread of one's memories; perdere il filo del ragionamento, to lose the thread of one's argument; riprendere il filo del discorso, to pick up (o to take up o to resume) the thread of one's speech; seguire il filo del pensiero, to follow the thread of one's thoughts
    7 ( taglio) edge: il filo della spada, the sword edge; questo coltello non ha più il filo, this knife has no edge (o is blunt) now // passare qlcu. a filo di spada, to put s.o. to the sword
    8 (elettr., tel.) wire; cable: filo ad alta tensione, high-tension cable; filo conduttore, leading wire, (fig.) lead (o guiding thread); filo di terra, earth wire; filo sotto tensione, live wire; telegrafo senza fili, wireless telegraph; (tel.) filo diretto, direct line
    9 (mecc.) wire: filo di ferro, metallico, wire; filo di platino, platinum wire; filo armonico, piano wire; filo spinato, barbed wire // (edil.) filo a piombo, plumb-line.
    ◆ FRASEOLOGIA: essere cuciti a doppio filo, to be closely knit; essere appeso a un filo, to hang by a thread (o a hair) // mancò il bersaglio per un filo, he missed the target by a hairbreadth; c'è mancato un filo!, it was a close shave!; non è caduto per un filo, he just managed to avoid falling // dare del filo da torcere a qlcu., to cause s.o. a lot of trouble, ( essere un avversario terribile) to be a hard nut to crack (for s.o.) // è lui che tiene le fila, it's he who pulls the strings; imbrogliare le fila, to muddle things up; sbrogliare le fila, to unravel the threads; riunire, tirare le fila, to gather up the threads; tirare le fila di un discorso, to draw together the threads of an argument // per filo e per segno, in every detail, word for word; to the letter: ha seguito le istruzioni per filo e per segno, he carried out instructions to the letter; dovrai riferirmi tutto per filo e per segno, you'll have to report everything to me word for word (o in every detail) // a filo di logica dovrebbe comportarsi così, strictly according to logic, he should behave that way // fare il filo a qlcu., to chase s.o.; fare il filo a qlco., to chase after sthg.
    * * *
    ['filo]
    sostantivo maschile (in some idiomatic senses it has a feminine plural -a)
    1) (filato) thread, yarn

    filo di cotone, di seta — cotton, silk thread

    2) (cavo, corda) line, string; (metallico) wire; (da pesca) line

    stendere la biancheria sul filo — to put o peg the washing on the line

    tagliare i -i (della luce, del telefono) — to cut off power, telephone lines

    senza filo — [microfono, telefono] cordless

    3) (di erba) blade; (di paglia) straw

    un filo di perle — a string of pearls, a pearl necklace

    bruciare qcn. sul filo di lana — fig. to nose sb. out

    perdere, riprendere il filo del discorso — to lose, pick up the thread of a conversation

    dire qcs. con un fil di voce — to say sth. in a thready o faint voice

    9) (di lama) (cutting) edge, blade

    rifare il filo a — to put an edge on, to sharpen [coltello, forbici]

    10) (di legno) grain
    11) (di liquidi) trickle, drizzle
    12) gastr. (di fagiolini, sedano) string
    13) (di ragnatela) thread, strand
    •

    filo chirurgico — med. catgut, gutstring

    filo conduttore — el. conductor; fig. central thread, main theme

    filo di Scozia — tess. lisle

    filo spinato — barbed o razor wire

    ••

    essere appeso o sospeso o attaccato a un filo to be hanging by a thread o on a string; essere o camminare sul filo del rasoio to be on a knife-edge o razor('s) edge; dare a qcn. del filo da torcere to lead sb. a merry dance, to give sb. a rough ride; fare il filo a qcn. to do a line with sb., to chat sb. up; passare a fil di spada to put sb. to the sword; per filo e per segno [ conoscere] backwards (and forwards), like the back of one's hand; [ raccontare] in great detail; a fil di logica logically speaking; tirare le fila di qcs. — to pull the strings of sth

    * * *
    filo
    /'filo/
    sostantivo m.
    (in some idiomatic senses it has a feminine plural -a)
     1 (filato) thread, yarn; filo di cotone, di seta cotton, silk thread
     2 (cavo, corda) line, string; (metallico) wire; (da pesca) line; filo di rame copper wire; stendere la biancheria sul filo to put o peg the washing on the line; i -i delle marionette the puppet strings; i -i dell'alta tensione high tension wires; i -i della luce power lines; filo del telefono telephone wire; tagliare i -i (della luce, del telefono) to cut off power, telephone lines; senza filo [microfono, telefono] cordless; senza -i wireless
     3 (di erba) blade; (di paglia) straw
     4 (filza) un filo di perle a string of pearls, a pearl necklace
     6 sport filo (di lana) tape; bruciare qcn. sul filo di lana fig. to nose sb. out
     7 (sequenza) perdere, riprendere il filo del discorso to lose, pick up the thread of a conversation; filo dei pensieri train of thought
     8 fig. (piccola quantità) un filo di speranza a grain of hope; non c'è un filo d'aria there isn't a breath of air; non avere un filo di grasso not to have an ounce of fat; un filo di luce a pencil of light; un filo di sangue a trickle of blood; un filo di vento a breath of wind; un filo di fumo a wisp of smoke; dire qcs. con un fil di voce to say sth. in a thready o faint voice
     9 (di lama) (cutting) edge, blade; senza filo blunt; rifare il filo a to put an edge on, to sharpen [coltello, forbici]
     10 (di legno) grain
     11 (di liquidi) trickle, drizzle; un filo d'olio a drizzle of oil
     12 gastr. (di fagiolini, sedano) string; il formaggio fa i -i the cheese is thready
     13 (di ragnatela) thread, strand
    essere appeso o sospeso o attaccato a un filo to be hanging by a thread o on a string; essere o camminare sul filo del rasoio to be on a knife-edge o razor('s) edge; dare a qcn. del filo da torcere to lead sb. a merry dance, to give sb. a rough ride; fare il filo a qcn. to do a line with sb., to chat sb. up; passare a fil di spada to put sb. to the sword; per filo e per segno [ conoscere] backwards (and forwards), like the back of one's hand; [ raccontare] in great detail; a fil di logica logically speaking; tirare le fila di qcs. to pull the strings of sth.
    \
    filo chirurgico med. catgut, gutstring; filo conduttore el. conductor; fig. central thread, main theme; filo per cucire sewing thread; filo diretto hotline; filo elettrico electric wire; filo di ferro wire; filo interdentale dental floss; filo a piombo plumb (line); filo di Scozia tess. lisle; filo spinato barbed o razor wire; filo per suture →  filo chirurgico.

    Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > filo

  • 9 Sarnoff, David

    [br]
    b. 27 February 1891 Uzlian, Minsk (now in Belarus)
    d. 12 December 1971 New York City, New York, USA
    [br]
    Russian/American engineer who made a major contribution to the commercial development of radio and television.
    [br]
    As a Jewish boy in Russia, Sarnoff spent several years preparing to be a Talmudic Scholar, but in 1900 the family emigrated to the USA and settled in Albany, New York. While at public school and at the Pratt Institute in Brooklyn, New York, he helped the family finances by running errands, selling newspapers and singing the liturgy in the synagogue. After a short period as a messenger boy with the Commercial Cable Company, in 1906 he became an office boy with the Marconi Wireless Telegraph Company of America (see G. Marconi). Having bought a telegraph instrument with his first earnings, he taught himself Morse code and was made a junior telegraph operator in 1907. The following year he became a wireless operator at Nantucket Island, then in 1909 he became Manager of the Marconi station at Sea Gate, New York. After two years at sea he returned to a shore job as wireless operator at the world's most powerful station at Wanamaker's store in Manhattan. There, on 14 April 1912, he picked up the distress signals from the sinking iner Titanic, remaining at his post for three days.
    Rewarded by rapid promotion (Chief Radio Inspector 1913, Contract Manager 1914, Assistant Traffic Manager 1915, Commercial Manager 1917) he proposed the introduction of commercial radio broadcasting, but this received little response. Consequently, in 1919 he took the job of Commercial Manager of the newly formed Radio Corporation of America (RCA), becoming General Manager in 1921, Vice- President in 1922, Executive Vice-President in 1929 and President in 1930. In 1921 he was responsible for the broadcasting of the Dempsey-Carpentier title-fight, as a result of which RCA sold $80 million worth of radio receivers in the following three years. In 1926 he formed the National Broadcasting Company (NBC). Rightly anticipating the development of television, in 1928 he inaugurated an experimental NBC television station and in 1939 demonstrated television at the New York World Fair. Because of his involvement with the provision of radio equipment for the armed services, he was made a lieutenant-colonel in the US Signal Corps Reserves in 1924, a full colonel in 1931 and, while serving as a communications consultant to General Eisenhower during the Second World War, Brigadier General in 1944.
    With the end of the war, RCA became a major manufacturer of television receivers and then invested greatly in the ultimately successful development of shadowmask tubes and receivers for colour television. Chairman and Chief Executive from 1934, Sarnoff held the former post until his retirement in 1970.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    French Croix de Chevalier d'honneur 1935, Croix d'Officier 1940, Croix de Commandant 1947. Luxembourg Order of the Oaken Crown 1960. Japanese Order of the Rising Sun 1960. US Legion of Merit 1946. UN Citation 1949. French Union of Inventors Gold Medal 1954.
    KF

    Biographical history of technology > Sarnoff, David

  • 10 Kompfner, Rudolph

    [br]
    b. 16 May 1909 Vienna, Austria
    d. 3 December 1977 Stanford, California, USA
    [br]
    Austrian (naturalized English in 1949, American in 1957) electrical engineer primarily known for his invention of the travelling-wave tube.
    [br]
    Kompfner obtained a degree in engineering from the Vienna Technische Hochschule in 1931 and qualified as a Diplom-Ingenieur in Architecture two years later. The following year, with a worsening political situation in Austria, he moved to England and became an architectural apprentice. In 1936 he became Managing Director of a building firm owned by a relative, but at the same time he was avidly studying physics and electronics. His first patent, for a television pick-up device, was filed in 1935 and granted in 1937, but was not in fact taken up. In June 1940 he was interned on the Isle of Man, but as a result of a paper previously sent by him to the Editor of Wireless Engineer he was released the following December and sent to join the group at Birmingham University working on centimetric radar. There he worked on klystrons, with little success, but as a result of the experience gained he eventually invented the travelling-wave tube (TWT), which was based on a helical transmission line. After disbandment of the Birmingham team, in 1946 Kompfner moved to the Clarendon Laboratory at Oxford and in 1947 he became a British subject. At the Clarendon Laboratory he met J.R. Pierce of Bell Laboratories, who worked out the theory of operation of the TWT. After gaining his DPhil at Oxford in 1951, Kompfner accepted a post as Principal Scientific Officer at Signals Electronic Research Laboratories, Baldock, but very soon after that he was invited by Pierce to work at Bell on microwave tubes. There, in 1952, he invented the backward-wave oscillator (BWO). He was appointed Director of Electronics Research in 1955 and Director of Communications Research in 1962, having become a US citizen in 1957. In 1958, with Pierce, he designed Echo 1, the first (passive) satellite, which was launched in August 1960. He was also involved with the development of Telstar, the first active communications satellite, which was launched in 1962. Following his retirement from Bell in 1973, he continued to pursue research, alternately at Stanford, California, and Oxford, England.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Physical Society Duddell Medal 1955. Franklin Institute Stuart Ballantine Medal 1960. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers David Sarnoff Award 1960. Member of the National Academy of Engineering 1966. Member of the National Academy of Science 1968. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Medal of Honour 1973. City of Philadelphia John Scott Award 1974. Roentgen Society Silvanus Thompson Medal 1974. President's National medal of Science 1974. Honorary doctorates Vienna 1965, Oxford 1969.
    Bibliography
    1944, "Velocity modulated beams", Wireless Engineer 17:262.
    1942, "Transit time phenomena in electronic tubes", Wireless Engineer 19:3. 1942, "Velocity modulating grids", Wireless Engineer 19:158.
    1946, "The travelling-wave tube", Wireless Engineer 42:369.
    1964, The Invention of the TWT, San Francisco: San Francisco Press.
    Further Reading
    J.R.Pierce, 1992, "History of the microwave tube art", Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers: 980.
    KF

    Biographical history of technology > Kompfner, Rudolph

  • 11 De Forest, Lee

    [br]
    b. 26 August 1873 Council Bluffs, Iowa, USA
    d. 30 June 1961 Hollywood, California, USA
    [br]
    American electrical engineer and inventor principally known for his invention of the Audion, or triode, vacuum tube; also a pioneer of sound in the cinema.
    [br]
    De Forest was born into the family of a Congregational minister that moved to Alabama in 1879 when the father became President of a college for African-Americans; this was a position that led to the family's social ostracism by the white community. By the time he was 13 years old, De Forest was already a keen mechanical inventor, and in 1893, rejecting his father's plan for him to become a clergyman, he entered the Sheffield Scientific School of Yale University. Following his first degree, he went on to study the propagation of electromagnetic waves, gaining a PhD in physics in 1899 for his thesis on the "Reflection of Hertzian Waves from the Ends of Parallel Wires", probably the first US thesis in the field of radio.
    He then joined the Western Electric Company in Chicago where he helped develop the infant technology of wireless, working his way up from a modest post in the production area to a position in the experimental laboratory. There, working alone after normal working hours, he developed a detector of electromagnetic waves based on an electrolytic device similar to that already invented by Fleming in England. Recognizing his talents, a number of financial backers enabled him to set up his own business in 1902 under the name of De Forest Wireless Telegraphy Company; he was soon demonstrating wireless telegraphy to interested parties and entering into competition with the American Marconi Company.
    Despite the failure of this company because of fraud by his partners, he continued his experiments; in 1907, by adding a third electrode, a wire mesh, between the anode and cathode of the thermionic diode invented by Fleming in 1904, he was able to produce the amplifying device now known as the triode valve and achieve a sensitivity of radio-signal reception much greater than possible with the passive carborundum and electrolytic detectors hitherto available. Patented under the name Audion, this new vacuum device was soon successfully used for experimental broadcasts of music and speech in New York and Paris. The invention of the Audion has been described as the beginning of the electronic era. Although much development work was required before its full potential was realized, the Audion opened the way to progress in all areas of sound transmission, recording and reproduction. The patent was challenged by Fleming and it was not until 1943 that De Forest's claim was finally recognized.
    Overcoming the near failure of his new company, the De Forest Radio Telephone Company, as well as unsuccessful charges of fraudulent promotion of the Audion, he continued to exploit the potential of his invention. By 1912 he had used transformer-coupling of several Audion stages to achieve high gain at radio frequencies, making long-distance communication a practical proposition, and had applied positive feedback from the Audion output anode to its input grid to realize a stable transmitter oscillator and modulator. These successes led to prolonged patent litigation with Edwin Armstrong and others, and he eventually sold the manufacturing rights, in retrospect often for a pittance.
    During the early 1920s De Forest began a fruitful association with T.W.Case, who for around ten years had been working to perfect a moving-picture sound system. De Forest claimed to have had an interest in sound films as early as 1900, and Case now began to supply him with photoelectric cells and primitive sound cameras. He eventually devised a variable-density sound-on-film system utilizing a glow-discharge modulator, the Photion. By 1926 De Forest's Phonofilm had been successfully demonstrated in over fifty theatres and this system became the basis of Movietone. Though his ideas were on the right lines, the technology was insufficiently developed and it was left to others to produce a system acceptable to the film industry. However, De Forest had played a key role in transforming the nature of the film industry; within a space of five years the production of silent films had all but ceased.
    In the following decade De Forest applied the Audion to the development of medical diathermy. Finally, after spending most of his working life as an independent inventor and entrepreneur, he worked for a time during the Second World War at the Bell Telephone Laboratories on military applications of electronics.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Institute of Electronic and Radio Engineers Medal of Honour 1922. President, Institute of Electronic and Radio Engineers 1930. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Edison Medal 1946.
    Bibliography
    1904, "Electrolytic detectors", Electrician 54:94 (describes the electrolytic detector). 1907, US patent no. 841,387 (the Audion).
    1950, Father of Radio, Chicago: WIlcox \& Follett (autobiography).
    De Forest gave his own account of the development of his sound-on-film system in a series of articles: 1923. "The Phonofilm", Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers 16 (May): 61–75; 1924. "Phonofilm progress", Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers 20:17–19; 1927, "Recent developments in the Phonofilm", Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers 27:64–76; 1941, "Pioneering in talking pictures", Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers 36 (January): 41–9.
    Further Reading
    G.Carneal, 1930, A Conqueror of Space (biography).
    I.Levine, 1964, Electronics Pioneer, Lee De Forest (biography).
    E.I.Sponable, 1947, "Historical development of sound films", Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers 48 (April): 275–303 (an authoritative account of De Forest's sound-film work, by Case's assistant).
    W.R.McLaurin, 1949, Invention and Innovation in the Radio Industry.
    C.F.Booth, 1955, "Fleming and De Forest. An appreciation", in Thermionic Valves 1904– 1954, IEE.
    V.J.Phillips, 1980, Early Radio Detectors, London: Peter Peregrinus.
    KF / JW

    Biographical history of technology > De Forest, Lee

  • 12 borne

    borne [bɔʀn]
    feminine noun
       a. (kilométrique) kilometre-marker ≈ milestone ; [de terrain] boundary marker
       b. ( = limite) bornes limit(s)
       c. ( = écran) terminal
    • borne interactive/Internet interactive/Internet terminal
    • borne d'appel ( = téléphone) emergency telephone
    * * *
    bɔʀn
    1.

    borne (kilométrique) — kilometre [BrE] marker

    2) ( autour d'une propriété) boundary stone; ( autour d'un édifice) post
    3) ( pour bloquer le passage) bollard GB, post US
    4) (colloq) ( kilomètre) kilometre [BrE]
    5) Électrotechnique terminal
    6) Mathématique limit

    borne supérieure/inférieure — upper/lower bound


    2.
    bornes nom féminin pluriel fig ( limites) limits, boundaries
    Phrasal Verbs:
    ••
    * * *
    bɔʀn
    1. nf
    (le long d'une route) boundary stone

    borne kilométrique — kilometre-marker, milestone

    2. bornes nfpl
    fig limits

    sans borne; sans bornes — boundless

    * * *
    A nf
    1 ( sur une route) borne (kilométrique) kilometreGB marker;
    2 ( autour d'une propriété) boundary stone; ( autour d'un édifice) post;
    3 ( pour bloquer le passage) bollard GB, post US;
    4 ○( kilomètre) kilometreGB; faire 2000 bornes en trois jours to drive 2000 kilometresGB in three days;
    5 Électrotech terminal; borne d'entrée/de sortie input/output terminal;
    6 Math limit; borne supérieure/inférieure upper/lower bound.
    B bornes nfpl fig ( limites) limits, boundaries; mettre or fixer des bornes to put limits (à on); une stupidité/tristesse sans bornes boundless stupidity/sadness; leur ambition/admiration est sans bornes their ambition/admiration knows no bounds.
    borne d'appel = borne téléphonique; borne automatique de paiement electronic pay point; borne d'incendie fire hydrant; borne interactive electronic communication and information terminal; borne téléphonique ( sur l'autoroute) emergency telephone; ( pour taxis) taxi stand telephone.
    dépasser les bornes to go too far.
    [bɔrn] nom féminin
    1. [pour délimiter] boundary stone, landmark
    2. [point]
    3. [pour marquer un emplacement] bollard
    4. (familier) [kilomètre] kilometre
    borne interactive ou multimédia electronic ou interactive kiosk, interactive terminal
    ————————
    bornes nom féminin pluriel
    dépasser ou passer les bornes to go too far
    son ambition n'a ou ne connaît pas de bornes his ambition knows no bounds

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > borne

  • 13 borné

    borne [bɔʀn]
    feminine noun
       a. (kilométrique) kilometre-marker ≈ milestone ; [de terrain] boundary marker
       b. ( = limite) bornes limit(s)
       c. ( = écran) terminal
    • borne interactive/Internet interactive/Internet terminal
    • borne d'appel ( = téléphone) emergency telephone
    * * *
    bɔʀn
    1.

    borne (kilométrique) — kilometre [BrE] marker

    2) ( autour d'une propriété) boundary stone; ( autour d'un édifice) post
    3) ( pour bloquer le passage) bollard GB, post US
    4) (colloq) ( kilomètre) kilometre [BrE]
    5) Électrotechnique terminal
    6) Mathématique limit

    borne supérieure/inférieure — upper/lower bound


    2.
    bornes nom féminin pluriel fig ( limites) limits, boundaries
    Phrasal Verbs:
    ••
    * * *
    bɔʀn
    1. nf
    (le long d'une route) boundary stone

    borne kilométrique — kilometre-marker, milestone

    2. bornes nfpl
    fig limits

    sans borne; sans bornes — boundless

    * * *
    A nf
    1 ( sur une route) borne (kilométrique) kilometreGB marker;
    2 ( autour d'une propriété) boundary stone; ( autour d'un édifice) post;
    3 ( pour bloquer le passage) bollard GB, post US;
    4 ○( kilomètre) kilometreGB; faire 2000 bornes en trois jours to drive 2000 kilometresGB in three days;
    5 Électrotech terminal; borne d'entrée/de sortie input/output terminal;
    6 Math limit; borne supérieure/inférieure upper/lower bound.
    B bornes nfpl fig ( limites) limits, boundaries; mettre or fixer des bornes to put limits (à on); une stupidité/tristesse sans bornes boundless stupidity/sadness; leur ambition/admiration est sans bornes their ambition/admiration knows no bounds.
    borne d'appel = borne téléphonique; borne automatique de paiement electronic pay point; borne d'incendie fire hydrant; borne interactive electronic communication and information terminal; borne téléphonique ( sur l'autoroute) emergency telephone; ( pour taxis) taxi stand telephone.
    dépasser les bornes to go too far.
    ( féminin bornée) [bɔrne] adjectif
    [individu] narrow-minded
    [esprit] narrow
    tu es vraiment borné you're so narrow-minded!, you have such a limited outlook!

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > borné

  • 14 Pierce, George Washington

    [br]
    b. 11 January 1872 Austin, Texas, USA
    d. 25 August 1956 Franklin, New Hampshire, USA
    [br]
    American physicist who made various contributions to electronics, particularly crystal oscillators.
    [br]
    Pierce entered the University of Texas in 1890, gaining his BSc in physics in 1893 and his MSc in 1894. After teaching and doing various odd jobs, in 1897 he obtained a scholarship to Harvard, obtaining his PhD three years later. Following a period at the University of Leipzig, he returned to the USA in 1903 to join the teaching staff at Harvard, where he soon established new courses and began to gain a reputation as a pioneer in electronics, including the study of crystal rectifiers and publication of a textbook on wireless telegraphy. In 1912, with Kennelly, he conceived the idea of motional impedance. The same year he was made first Director of Harvard's Cruft High- Tension Electrical Laboratory, a post he held until his retirement. In 1917 he was appointed Professor of Physics, and for the remainder of the First World War he was also involved in work on submarine detection at the US Naval Base in New London. In 1921 he was appointed Rumford Professor of Physics and became interested in the work of Walter Cady on crystal-controlled circuits. As a result of this he patented the Pierce crystal oscillator in 1924. Having discovered the magnetostriction property of nickel and nichrome, in 1928 he also invented the magnetostriction oscillator. The mercury-vapour discharge lamp is also said to have been his idea. He became Gordon McKay Professor of Physics and Communications in 1935 and retired from Harvard in 1940, but he remained active for the rest of his life with the study of sound generation by birds and insects.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    President, Institute of Radio Engineers 1918–19. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Medal of Honour 1929.
    Bibliography
    1910, Principles of Wireless Telegraphy.
    1914, US patent no. 1,450,749 (a mercury vapour tube control circuit). 1919, Electrical Oscillations and Electric Waves.
    1922, "The piezo-electric Resonator", Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers 10:83.
    Further Reading
    F.E.Terman, 1943, Radio Engineers'Handbook, New York: McGraw-Hill (for details of piezo-electric crystal oscillator circuits).
    KF

    Biographical history of technology > Pierce, George Washington

  • 15 Edison, Thomas Alva

    [br]
    b. 11 February 1847 Milan, Ohio, USA
    d. 18 October 1931 Glenmont
    [br]
    American inventor and pioneer electrical developer.
    [br]
    He was the son of Samuel Edison, who was in the timber business. His schooling was delayed due to scarlet fever until 1855, when he was 8½ years old, but he was an avid reader. By the age of 14 he had a job as a newsboy on the railway from Port Huron to Detroit, a distance of sixty-three miles (101 km). He worked a fourteen-hour day with a stopover of five hours, which he spent in the Detroit Free Library. He also sold sweets on the train and, later, fruit and vegetables, and was soon making a profit of $20 a week. He then started two stores in Port Huron and used a spare freight car as a laboratory. He added a hand-printing press to produce 400 copies weekly of The Grand Trunk Herald, most of which he compiled and edited himself. He set himself to learn telegraphy from the station agent at Mount Clements, whose son he had saved from being run over by a freight car.
    At the age of 16 he became a telegraphist at Port Huron. In 1863 he became railway telegraphist at the busy Stratford Junction of the Grand Trunk Railroad, arranging a clock with a notched wheel to give the hourly signal which was to prove that he was awake and at his post! He left hurriedly after failing to hold a train which was nearly involved in a head-on collision. He usually worked the night shift, allowing himself time for experiments during the day. His first invention was an arrangement of two Morse registers so that a high-speed input could be decoded at a slower speed. Moving from place to place he held many positions as a telegraphist. In Boston he invented an automatic vote recorder for Congress and patented it, but the idea was rejected. This was the first of a total of 1180 patents that he was to take out during his lifetime. After six years he resigned from the Western Union Company to devote all his time to invention, his next idea being an improved ticker-tape machine for stockbrokers. He developed a duplex telegraphy system, but this was turned down by the Western Union Company. He then moved to New York.
    Edison found accommodation in the battery room of Law's Gold Reporting Company, sleeping in the cellar, and there his repair of a broken transmitter marked him as someone of special talents. His superior soon resigned, and he was promoted with a salary of $300 a month. Western Union paid him $40,000 for the sole rights on future improvements on the duplex telegraph, and he moved to Ward Street, Newark, New Jersey, where he employed a gathering of specialist engineers. Within a year, he married one of his employees, Mary Stilwell, when she was only 16: a daughter, Marion, was born in 1872, and two sons, Thomas and William, in 1876 and 1879, respectively.
    He continued to work on the automatic telegraph, a device to send out messages faster than they could be tapped out by hand: that is, over fifty words per minute or so. An earlier machine by Alexander Bain worked at up to 400 words per minute, but was not good over long distances. Edison agreed to work on improving this feature of Bain's machine for the Automatic Telegraph Company (ATC) for $40,000. He improved it to a working speed of 500 words per minute and ran a test between Washington and New York. Hoping to sell their equipment to the Post Office in Britain, ATC sent Edison to England in 1873 to negotiate. A 500-word message was to be sent from Liverpool to London every half-hour for six hours, followed by tests on 2,200 miles (3,540 km) of cable at Greenwich. Only confused results were obtained due to induction in the cable, which lay coiled in a water tank. Edison returned to New York, where he worked on his quadruplex telegraph system, tests of which proved a success between New York and Albany in December 1874. Unfortunately, simultaneous negotiation with Western Union and ATC resulted in a lawsuit.
    Alexander Graham Bell was granted a patent for a telephone in March 1876 while Edison was still working on the same idea. His improvements allowed the device to operate over a distance of hundreds of miles instead of only a few miles. Tests were carried out over the 106 miles (170 km) between New York and Philadelphia. Edison applied for a patent on the carbon-button transmitter in April 1877, Western Union agreeing to pay him $6,000 a year for the seventeen-year duration of the patent. In these years he was also working on the development of the electric lamp and on a duplicating machine which would make up to 3,000 copies from a stencil. In 1876–7 he moved from Newark to Menlo Park, twenty-four miles (39 km) from New York on the Pennsylvania Railway, near Elizabeth. He had bought a house there around which he built the premises that would become his "inventions factory". It was there that he began the use of his 200- page pocket notebooks, each of which lasted him about two weeks, so prolific were his ideas. When he died he left 3,400 of them filled with notes and sketches.
    Late in 1877 he applied for a patent for a phonograph which was granted on 19 February 1878, and by the end of the year he had formed a company to manufacture this totally new product. At the time, Edison saw the device primarily as a business aid rather than for entertainment, rather as a dictating machine. In August 1878 he was granted a British patent. In July 1878 he tried to measure the heat from the solar corona at a solar eclipse viewed from Rawlins, Wyoming, but his "tasimeter" was too sensitive.
    Probably his greatest achievement was "The Subdivision of the Electric Light" or the "glow bulb". He tried many materials for the filament before settling on carbon. He gave a demonstration of electric light by lighting up Menlo Park and inviting the public. Edison was, of course, faced with the problem of inventing and producing all the ancillaries which go to make up the electrical system of generation and distribution-meters, fuses, insulation, switches, cabling—even generators had to be designed and built; everything was new. He started a number of manufacturing companies to produce the various components needed.
    In 1881 he built the world's largest generator, which weighed 27 tons, to light 1,200 lamps at the Paris Exhibition. It was later moved to England to be used in the world's first central power station with steam engine drive at Holborn Viaduct, London. In September 1882 he started up his Pearl Street Generating Station in New York, which led to a worldwide increase in the application of electric power, particularly for lighting. At the same time as these developments, he built a 1,300yd (1,190m) electric railway at Menlo Park.
    On 9 August 1884 his wife died of typhoid. Using his telegraphic skills, he proposed to 19-year-old Mina Miller in Morse code while in the company of others on a train. He married her in February 1885 before buying a new house and estate at West Orange, New Jersey, building a new laboratory not far away in the Orange Valley.
    Edison used direct current which was limited to around 250 volts. Alternating current was largely developed by George Westinghouse and Nicola Tesla, using transformers to step up the current to a higher voltage for long-distance transmission. The use of AC gradually overtook the Edison DC system.
    In autumn 1888 he patented a form of cinephotography, the kinetoscope, obtaining film-stock from George Eastman. In 1893 he set up the first film studio, which was pivoted so as to catch the sun, with a hinged roof which could be raised. In 1894 kinetoscope parlours with "peep shows" were starting up in cities all over America. Competition came from the Latham Brothers with a screen-projection machine, which Edison answered with his "Vitascope", shown in New York in 1896. This showed pictures with accompanying sound, but there was some difficulty with synchronization. Edison also experimented with captions at this early date.
    In 1880 he filed a patent for a magnetic ore separator, the first of nearly sixty. He bought up deposits of low-grade iron ore which had been developed in the north of New Jersey. The process was a commercial success until the discovery of iron-rich ore in Minnesota rendered it uneconomic and uncompetitive. In 1898 cement rock was discovered in New Village, west of West Orange. Edison bought the land and started cement manufacture, using kilns twice the normal length and using half as much fuel to heat them as the normal type of kiln. In 1893 he met Henry Ford, who was building his second car, at an Edison convention. This started him on the development of a battery for an electric car on which he made over 9,000 experiments. In 1903 he sold his patent for wireless telegraphy "for a song" to Guglielmo Marconi.
    In 1910 Edison designed a prefabricated concrete house. In December 1914 fire destroyed three-quarters of the West Orange plant, but it was at once rebuilt, and with the threat of war Edison started to set up his own plants for making all the chemicals that he had previously been buying from Europe, such as carbolic acid, phenol, benzol, aniline dyes, etc. He was appointed President of the Navy Consulting Board, for whom, he said, he made some forty-five inventions, "but they were pigeonholed, every one of them". Thus did Edison find that the Navy did not take kindly to civilian interference.
    In 1927 he started the Edison Botanic Research Company, founded with similar investment from Ford and Firestone with the object of finding a substitute for overseas-produced rubber. In the first year he tested no fewer than 3,327 possible plants, in the second year, over 1,400, eventually developing a variety of Golden Rod which grew to 14 ft (4.3 m) in height. However, all this effort and money was wasted, due to the discovery of synthetic rubber.
    In October 1929 he was present at Henry Ford's opening of his Dearborn Museum to celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of the incandescent lamp, including a replica of the Menlo Park laboratory. He was awarded the Congressional Gold Medal and was elected to the American Academy of Sciences. He died in 1931 at his home, Glenmont; throughout the USA, lights were dimmed temporarily on the day of his funeral.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Member of the American Academy of Sciences. Congressional Gold Medal.
    Further Reading
    M.Josephson, 1951, Edison, Eyre \& Spottiswode.
    R.W.Clark, 1977, Edison, the Man who Made the Future, Macdonald \& Jane.
    IMcN

    Biographical history of technology > Edison, Thomas Alva

  • 16 Poniatoff, Alexander Mathew

    [br]
    b. 25 March 1892 Kazan District, Russia
    d. 24 October 1980
    [br]
    Russian (naturalized American in 1932) electrical engineer responsible for the development of the professional tape recorder and the first commercially-successful video tape recorder (VTR).
    [br]
    Poniatoff was educated at the University of Kazan, the Imperial College in Moscow, and the Technische Hochschule in Karlsruhe, gaining degrees in mechanical and electrical engineering. He was in Germany when the First World War broke out, but he managed to escape back to Russia, where he served as an Air Force pilot with the Imperial Russian Navy. During the Russian Revolution he was a pilot with the White Russian Forces, and escaped into China in 1920; there he found work as an assistant engineer in the Shanghai Power Company. In 1927 he immigrated to the USA, becoming a US citizen in 1932. He obtained a post in the research and development department of the General Electric Company in Schenectady, New York, and later at Dalmo Victor, San Carlos, California. During the Second World War he was involved in the development of airborne radar for the US Navy.
    In 1944, taking his initials to form the title, Poniatoff founded the AMPEX Corporation to manufacture components for the airborne radar developed at General Electric, but in 1946 he turned to the production of audio tape recorders developed from the German wartime Telefunken Magnetophon machine (the first tape recorder in the truest sense). In this he was supported by the entertainer Bing Crosby, who needed high-quality replay facilities for broadcasting purposes, and in 1947 he was able to offer a professional-quality product and the business prospered.
    With the rapid post-war boom in television broadcasting in the USA, a need soon arose for a video recorder to provide "time-shifting" of live TV programmes between the different US time zones. Many companies therefore endeavoured to produce a video tape recorder (VTR) using the same single-track, fixed-head, longitudinal-scan system used for audio, but the very much higher bandwidth required involved an unacceptably high tape-speed. AMPEX attempted to solve the problem by using twelve parallel tracks and a machine was demonstrated in 1952, but it proved unsatisfactory.
    The development team, which included Charles Ginsburg and Ray Dolby, then devised a four-head transverse-scan system in which a quadruplex head rotating at 14,400 rpm was made to scan across the width of a 2 in. (5 cm) tape with a tape-to-head speed of the order of 160 ft/sec (about 110 mph; 49 m/sec or 176 km/h) but with a longitudinal tape speed of only 15 in./sec (0.38 m/sec). In this way, acceptable picture quality was obtained with an acceptable tape consumption. Following a public demonstration on 14 April 1956, commercial produc-tion of studio-quality machines began to revolutionize the production and distribution of TV programmes, and the perfecting of time-base correctors which could stabilize the signal timing to a few nanoseconds made colour VTRs a practical proposition. However, AMPEX did not rest on its laurels and in the face of emerging competition from helical scan machines, where the tracks are laid diagonally on the tape, the company was able to demonstrate its own helical machine in 1957. Another development was the Videofile system, in which 250,000 pages of facsimile could be recorded on a single tape, offering a new means of archiving information. By 1986, quadruplex VTRs were obsolete, but Poniatoff's role in making television recording possible deserves a place in history.
    Poniatoff was President of AMPEX Corporation until 1955 and then became Chairman of the Board, a position he held until 1970.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    A.Abrahamson, 1953, "A short history of television recording", Part I, JSMPTE 64:73; 1973, Part II, Journal of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, 82:188 (provides a fuller background).
    Audio Biographies, 1961, ed. G.A.Briggs, Wharfedale Wireless Works, pp. 255–61 (contains a few personal details about Poniatoff's escape from Germany to join the Russian Navy).
    E.Larsen, 1971, A History of Invention.
    Charles Ginsburg, 1981, "The horse or the cowboy. Getting television on tape", Journal of the Royal Television Society 18:11 (a brief account of the AMPEX VTR story).
    KF / GB-N

    Biographical history of technology > Poniatoff, Alexander Mathew

  • 17 радиотехнический пост

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > радиотехнический пост

  • 18 tarjeta

    f.
    card (gen) & (computing).
    tarjeta postal postcard
    tarjeta sanitaria = card bearing national insurance number and doctor's address
    tarjeta amarilla/roja (sport) yellow/red card
    tarjeta de compra store card, charge card
    tarjeta de crédito credit card
    tarjeta de débito debit card
    tarjeta de embarque boarding pass
    tarjeta multiviaje travel pass
    * * *
    1 card
    \
    tarjeta amarilla yellow card
    tarjeta censal polling card
    tarjeta de débito debit card
    tarjeta de cliente customer card
    tarjeta de crédito credit card
    tarjeta de embarque boarding card
    tarjeta de expansión expansion card
    tarjeta de felicitación greetings card
    tarjeta de memoria memory card, chip card
    tarjeta de residencia residence permit
    tarjeta de sonido sound card
    tarjeta de vídeo video card
    tarjeta de visita visiting card, US calling card
    tarjeta magnética swipe card
    tarjeta multiviaje travel card
    tarjeta perforada punch card, punched card
    tarjeta postal postcard
    tarjeta roja red card
    * * *
    noun f.
    * * *
    SF card

    tarjeta amarilla — (Dep) yellow card

    tarjeta bancaria — banker's card, bank card

    tarjeta de circuitos — (Inform) circuit board

    tarjeta de felicitación — greetings card, greeting card (EEUU)

    tarjeta de prepago — [de móvil] prepaid card

    tarjeta de saludo — greetings card, greeting card (EEUU)

    tarjeta de video — LAm video card

    tarjeta de visita — business card, visiting card

    tarjeta gráfica — (Inform) graphics card

    tarjeta roja — (Dep) red card

    tarjeta verde — Méx (=visado) Green Card (EEUU)

    * * *
    femenino card

    marcar (AmL) or (Méx) checar tarjeta — to clock in/out, punch in/out (AmE)

    * * *
    ----
    * aceptar tarjeta de crédito = honour + credit card.
    * datos de la tarjeta de crédito = credit card details.
    * número de la tarjeta de crédito = credit card number.
    * número de tarjeta de proceso = transaction card number.
    * pago mediante tarjeta = card payment.
    * pasar una tarjeta por un lector electrónico = swipe.
    * sistema de acceso mediante tarjeta = card access system.
    * sistema de entrada mediante tarjetas = card-entry system.
    * tarjeta amarilla = yellow card.
    * tarjeta añadida = add-on card.
    * tarjeta de acceso = swipecard.
    * tarjeta de aceleración = accelerator board.
    * tarjeta de banda magnética = swipecard.
    * tarjeta de crédito = credit card.
    * tarjeta de débito = debit card.
    * tarjeta de embarque = boarding pass, boarding card.
    * tarjeta de felicitación = greeting card [greetings card], congratulatory card.
    * tarjeta de gráficos = graphics card.
    * tarjeta de identificación = identification card.
    * tarjeta de interrogación = poll card.
    * tarjeta de invitación = invitation card.
    * tarjeta de invitación de boda = wedding invitation card.
    * tarjeta de lector = borrower's card, borrower's identification badge, reader's card.
    * tarjeta del lector = borrower identification label.
    * tarjeta de ordenador = computer card.
    * tarjeta de presentación = business card, calling card, visiting card.
    * tarjeta de proceso = transaction card.
    * tarjeta de San Valentín = valentine.
    * tarjeta de sonido = sound card.
    * tarjeta de vídeo = video card.
    * tarjeta de visita = calling card, carte de visite, visiting card, business card.
    * tarjeta identificativa = badge, name badge.
    * tarjeta inteligente = smart card [smartcard].
    * tarjeta perforada = punched card.
    * tarjeta postal = postcard, picture postcard.
    * tarjeta prepago = prepaid card.
    * tarjeta roja = red card.
    * tarjeta telefónica = calling card, telephone card.
    * tarjeta verde = green card.
    * titular de la tarjeta = cardholder.
    * * *
    femenino card

    marcar (AmL) or (Méx) checar tarjeta — to clock in/out, punch in/out (AmE)

    * * *
    * aceptar tarjeta de crédito = honour + credit card.
    * datos de la tarjeta de crédito = credit card details.
    * número de la tarjeta de crédito = credit card number.
    * número de tarjeta de proceso = transaction card number.
    * pago mediante tarjeta = card payment.
    * pasar una tarjeta por un lector electrónico = swipe.
    * sistema de acceso mediante tarjeta = card access system.
    * sistema de entrada mediante tarjetas = card-entry system.
    * tarjeta amarilla = yellow card.
    * tarjeta añadida = add-on card.
    * tarjeta de acceso = swipecard.
    * tarjeta de aceleración = accelerator board.
    * tarjeta de banda magnética = swipecard.
    * tarjeta de crédito = credit card.
    * tarjeta de débito = debit card.
    * tarjeta de embarque = boarding pass, boarding card.
    * tarjeta de felicitación = greeting card [greetings card], congratulatory card.
    * tarjeta de gráficos = graphics card.
    * tarjeta de identificación = identification card.
    * tarjeta de interrogación = poll card.
    * tarjeta de invitación = invitation card.
    * tarjeta de invitación de boda = wedding invitation card.
    * tarjeta de lector = borrower's card, borrower's identification badge, reader's card.
    * tarjeta del lector = borrower identification label.
    * tarjeta de ordenador = computer card.
    * tarjeta de presentación = business card, calling card, visiting card.
    * tarjeta de proceso = transaction card.
    * tarjeta de San Valentín = valentine.
    * tarjeta de sonido = sound card.
    * tarjeta de vídeo = video card.
    * tarjeta de visita = calling card, carte de visite, visiting card, business card.
    * tarjeta identificativa = badge, name badge.
    * tarjeta inteligente = smart card [smartcard].
    * tarjeta perforada = punched card.
    * tarjeta postal = postcard, picture postcard.
    * tarjeta prepago = prepaid card.
    * tarjeta roja = red card.
    * tarjeta telefónica = calling card, telephone card.
    * tarjeta verde = green card.
    * titular de la tarjeta = cardholder.
    * * *
    card
    marcar ( AmL) or ( Méx): checar tarjeta to clock in/out, punch in/out ( AmE)
    Compuestos:
    ( Dep) yellow card
    le mostró or sacó (la) tarjeta amarilla he showed him the yellow card
    (Col, Ven) ( Mil) draft card
    swipe card
    debit card
    ( Fin) credit card
    ( Esp): tirar de la tarjeta de crédito to make use of one's credit card
    ( AmL) ( Fin) debit card
    ( Transp) boarding pass o card
    student card
    ( Inf) expansion card
    ( Marketing) loyalty card
    ( Inf) memory card
    Christmas card
    business card, visiting card
    ( AmL) scratch card
    ( Esp) scratch card
    ( Electrón) sound card
    ● tarjeta de video or ( Esp) vídeo
    ( Electrón) video card
    card, business card, calling card ( AmE), visiting card ( BrE)
    ● tarjeta gráfica or digitalizadora
    graphics card
    ( Inf) wireless card
    ( Electrón) smart card
    ( Inf) multimedia card
    punch card
    postcard
    ( Telec) top-up card
    red card
    le mostró or sacó (la) tarjeta roja he showed him the red card
    ( Electrón) ROM card
    ( Med) European Health Insurance Card
    ( Telec) SIM card
    ( Telec) phonecard
    ( Der, Transp) green card
    * * *

     

    tarjeta sustantivo femenino
    card;
    marcar (AmL) or (Méx) checar tarjeta to clock in/out, punch in/out (AmE);
    ◊ tarjeta amarilla/roja yellow/red card;

    tarjeta de crédito credit card;
    tarjeta de embarque boarding pass o card;
    tarjeta de Navidad Christmas card;
    tarjeta de prepago top-up card;
    tarjeta de visita or (Méx) de presentación ( personal) visiting card;

    ( de negocios) business card;
    ◊ tarjeta postal/telefónica postcard/phonecard

    tarjeta sustantivo femenino card
    tarjeta de crédito, credit card
    tarjeta de embarque, boarding pass o card
    tarjeta postal, postcard
    tarjeta telefónica, phonecard
    Inform tarjeta de sonido, sound card
    Dep tarjeta amarilla/roja, yellow/red card

    ' tarjeta' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    dorso
    - embarque
    - felicitación
    - ficha
    - pagar
    - picar
    - postal
    - perforar
    - retener
    - tragar
    English:
    boarding card
    - boarding pass
    - book
    - business card
    - calling card
    - card
    - cardholder
    - cash card
    - charge card
    - Christmas card
    - compliment
    - credit card
    - get-well card
    - green card
    - greeting card
    - interested
    - phonecard
    - postcard
    - railcard
    - valentine
    - visiting
    - wherever
    - bank
    - boarding
    - by
    - charge
    - Christmas
    - clock
    - credit
    - debit
    - greeting
    - him
    - loyalty
    - phone
    - post
    - punch
    - swipe
    - top
    * * *
    1. [para presentación, pagos, transporte] card
    tarjeta bancaria bank card;
    tarjeta de cliente customer card;
    tarjeta de compra store card, charge card;
    tarjeta de crédito credit card;
    tarjeta de débito debit card;
    tarjeta de embarque boarding pass;
    tarjeta de felicitación greetings card;
    Com tarjeta de fidelización loyalty card;
    tarjeta identificativa identity badge;
    tarjeta inteligente smart card;
    tarjeta magnética card with a magnetic strip;
    tarjeta monedero electronic wallet;
    tarjeta multiviaje travel pass;
    tarjeta de Navidad Christmas card;
    tarjeta postal postcard;
    Tel tarjeta (de) prepago pre-paid card; Tel tarjeta de recarga Br top-up card, US pre-paid calling card;
    tarjeta sanitaria = card bearing personal identification number and doctor's address;
    tarjeta sanitaria europea European Health Insurance Card;
    Tel tarjeta SIM SIM card;
    tarjeta de visita visiting card, US calling card
    2. [en deportes] card
    tarjeta amarilla yellow card;
    tarjeta roja red card
    3. Informát card
    tarjeta aceleradora acceleration card;
    tarjeta de ampliación expansion card;
    tarjeta caché cache card;
    tarjeta de expansión expansion card;
    tarjeta lógica logic card;
    tarjeta perforada punched card;
    tarjeta de registro registration card;
    tarjeta de sonido sound card;
    tarjeta de vídeo video card
    * * *
    f card
    * * *
    : card
    tarjeta de crédito: credit card
    tarjeta postal: postcard
    * * *
    tarjeta n card
    tarjeta de embarque boarding card / boarding pass

    Spanish-English dictionary > tarjeta

  • 19 telegrafo

    m telegraph
    * * *
    telegrafo s.m.
    1 telegraph: (mil.) telegrafo campale, field telegraph; telegrafo Morse, Morse telegraph; telegrafo senza fili, wireless telegraphy; palo del telegrafo, telegraph pole (o post)
    2 ( ufficio telegrafico) telegraph office.
    * * *
    [te'lɛgrafo]
    sostantivo maschile telegraph
    * * *
    telegrafo
    /te'lεgrafo/
    sostantivo m.
    telegraph; ufficio del telegrafo telegraph office.

    Dizionario Italiano-Inglese > telegrafo

  • 20 Appleton, Sir Edward Victor

    [br]
    b. 6 September 1892 Bradford, England
    d. 21 April 1965 Edinburgh, Scotland
    [br]
    English physicist awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics for his discovery of the ionospheric layer, named after him, which is an efficient reflector of short radio waves, thereby making possible long-distance radio communication.
    [br]
    After early ambitions to become a professional cricketer, Appleton went to St John's College, Cambridge, where he studied under J.J.Thompson and Ernest Rutherford. His academic career interrupted by the First World War, he served as a captain in the Royal Engineers, carrying out investigations into the propagation and fading of radio signals. After the war he joined the Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge, as a demonstrator in 1920, and in 1924 he moved to King's College, London, as Wheatstone Professor of Physics.
    In the following decade he contributed to developments in valve oscillators (in particular, the "squegging" oscillator, which formed the basis of the first hard-valve time-base) and gained international recognition for research into electromagnetic-wave propagation. His most important contribution was to confirm the existence of a conducting ionospheric layer in the upper atmosphere capable of reflecting radio waves, which had been predicted almost simultaneously by Heaviside and Kennelly in 1902. This he did by persuading the BBC in 1924 to vary the frequency of their Bournemouth transmitter, and he then measured the signal received at Cambridge. By comparing the direct and reflected rays and the daily variation he was able to deduce that the Kennelly- Heaviside (the so-called E-layer) was at a height of about 60 miles (97 km) above the earth and that there was a further layer (the Appleton or F-layer) at about 150 miles (240 km), the latter being an efficient reflector of the shorter radio waves that penetrated the lower layers. During the period 1927–32 and aided by Hartree, he established a magneto-ionic theory to explain the existence of the ionosphere. He was instrumental in obtaining agreement for international co-operation for ionospheric and other measurements in the form of the Second Polar Year (1932–3) and, much later, the International Geophysical Year (1957–8). For all this work, which made it possible to forecast the optimum frequencies for long-distance short-wave communication as a function of the location of transmitter and receiver and of the time of day and year, in 1947 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics.
    He returned to Cambridge as Jacksonian Professor of Natural Philosophy in 1939, and with M.F. Barnett he investigated the possible use of radio waves for radio-location of aircraft. In 1939 he became Secretary of the Government Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, a post he held for ten years. During the Second World War he contributed to the development of both radar and the atomic bomb, and subsequently served on government committees concerned with the use of atomic energy (which led to the establishment of Harwell) and with scientific staff.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Knighted (KCB 1941, GBE 1946). Nobel Prize for Physics 1947. FRS 1927. Vice- President, American Institute of Electrical Engineers 1932. Royal Society Hughes Medal 1933. Institute of Electrical Engineers Faraday Medal 1946. Vice-Chancellor, Edinburgh University 1947. Institution of Civil Engineers Ewing Medal 1949. Royal Medallist 1950. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Medal of Honour 1962. President, British Association 1953. President, Radio Industry Council 1955–7. Légion d'honneur. LLD University of St Andrews 1947.
    Bibliography
    1925, joint paper with Barnett, Nature 115:333 (reports Appleton's studies of the ionosphere).
    1928, "Some notes of wireless methods of investigating the electrical structure of the upper atmosphere", Proceedings of the Physical Society 41(Part III):43. 1932, Thermionic Vacuum Tubes and Their Applications (his work on valves).
    1947, "The investigation and forecasting of ionospheric conditions", Journal of the
    Institution of Electrical Engineers 94, Part IIIA: 186 (a review of British work on the exploration of the ionosphere).
    with J.F.Herd \& R.A.Watson-Watt, British patent no. 235,254 (squegging oscillator).
    Further Reading
    Who Was Who, 1961–70 1972, VI, London: A. \& C.Black (for fuller details of honours). R.Clark, 1971, Sir Edward Appleton, Pergamon (biography).
    J.Jewkes, D.Sawers \& R.Stillerman, 1958, The Sources of Invention.
    KF

    Biographical history of technology > Appleton, Sir Edward Victor

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